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Sowing in late November is appropriate.
Second, the selection of varieties
The main varieties are hybrid green top bitter gourd, green one bitter gourd, British cited bitter gourd and so on.
Third, cultivation techniques
1. Soil preparation, picking up, and basal fertilization Since bitter gourd grows in reverse season for a long period of time in winter, the growing season lasts for more than four months. In order to achieve high yields, the planting area must first be fully plowed, whitened, and organic fertilizer must be applied. When starting up, press 1.7 to 2.0 meters from the ditch to open the ditch, and in the middle to open a deep ditch Shiji Fei, per mu of pig manure and other soil miscellaneous fertilizer 2000 to 3000 kilograms, compound fertilizer 20 kilograms, potash 5 Kilograms, cover soil after application. Then open the sowing ditch on both sides, about 15 cm deep, and put 500 kg of earth fertilizer on each acre, such as fire soil, grass and wood ash, in the ditch, and mix well with the soil.
2, sowing nursery
1 seed treatment. The seeds were first soaked in hot water at 50-55°C for 20 minutes (maintained at a constant temperature) and stirred while soaking; then they were soaked in warm water at 30°C for 5-6 hours. In this process, warm water was changed 2-3 times. After soaking, wrap it in clean gauze or spread the seed on the vessel, cover it with gauze, and put it in a thermostatic box at 30°C (or a thermostat box simply made of light bulb) to germinate. After about 3 days, most seeds can be sowed when they sprout. Note that the shoots must not be too long at the time of sowing; wash the dirt on the surface of the seeds before sowing.
2 Breeding strong seedlings. There are two ways to raise seedlings, namely live seedlings and nutrition cups. In Hainan Province, the winter temperatures are relatively high. Live seedlings can be used. After the seeds sprout, the seeds are sown directly in the trenches with a pre-ditched ditch. The plant spacing is 20-25 cm. After the planting, the soil is covered with soil and then covered with grasses. After the seed is unearthed, the grass is opened to cover the plants around the cold. In the western Guangdong province, available nutrient cup nursery seedlings will be sown in plastic cups with nutritious soil and put together, covered with plastic film small sheds for insulation and cold, with a seedling period of about 50 days. The formulation of nutritious soil can be found in the formulation of nursery soil for tomato cultivation techniques. In winter cultivation, due to the low temperature has a great influence on the growth of seedlings, appropriate hardening seedlings should be carried out during the seedling raising process to avoid leggy growth and improve the resistance of the seedlings.
3, field management: bitter gourd live or transplanted, the seedling growth later to strengthen fertilizer management, improve cold resistance. The average monthly temperature in the central and northern parts of Hainan Province from December to January is the lowest; in the western part of Guangdong Province, low temperatures (around 6°C) also occur after bitter gourd transplantation. Therefore, management should be properly controlled fertilizer and water, watering to ensure that the interline can be wet, more delaying farmyard fertilizer, appropriate follow-up quick-acting fertilizer, potassium fertilizer to increase cold resistance and disease resistance. After the temperature rise is relatively stable, it is necessary to ensure adequate fertilizer to meet the needs of plant growth and flowering results. The temperature is high, bitter melons grow quickly, and cultivator, earth-cultivation and weeding should be carried out in a timely manner. In combination with fertilizing the soil and chasing fertilizing materials, the ditch should be opened in the middle of the eaves, 500 kilograms of organic fertilizer per acre and 25 kilograms of compound fertilizer. After the first cultivating and cultivating the soil, the vines were inserted into the bamboo, and the vines or fences were used, and the branches below the plants were removed. During the flowering period to the harvesting period, the top dressing is applied topdressing, top dressing is applied once every 7 to 10 days, and 10 to 15 kg of compound fertilizer is used per mu. Into the harvest before the peak of 1 additional fertilizer, spread the fertilizer on both sides of the wall, and then cover the fertilizer with a trench ditch, apply 20-30 kg of compound fertilizer per acre, urea 5.8 kg. When bitter gourd is in flowering, insecticides (such as bees that help pollinating bees) have a large lethality due to the use of pesticides. Therefore, in order to increase the fruit setting rate and promote fruit enlargement, artificial pollination must be performed and foliar fertilizers such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate and green be sprayed. Wang potassium and so on.
IV. Pest Control
1. Fusarium wilt disease: It is a disease caused by Fusarium spp. that is caused by infection with soil, diseased and unfamiliar organic fertilizers with pathogenic bacteria. Bitter gourd can develop throughout the growing period. Plants grow slowly when they are victimized, and the yellowness of the lower leaves gradually develops upwards. The initial plants show wilting and return to normal at night, and the whole plant withers in a few days. The gum base of the stem grows white to pink mold, and the diseased part is easily cracked, and the vascular bundles seen in the stem are yellow-brown. Its prevention method:
A. Rotation of paddy rice and dry crops, applying decomposed organic fertilizer.
B. Apply 50% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder to the soil of 1:50 and apply it to the soil with a dose of 1 to 1.5 kg per mu.
C, use the above-mentioned agent 500 times liquid soaking root.
2. Anthrax disease: Diseases may occur on seedlings, stems, leaves, and fruits of the plants. When the cotyledon is affected, the lesions often occur on the edges of the cotyledons, yellowish, semicircular, with black dots or orange-red dots Glue. In the early stages of disease, the leaves were spotted with water spots, followed by reddish-brown, round or oval lesions, with black dots on rounds. When wet, they often gave birth to pink viscous substances. When dry, the lesions were cracked and perforated. Stem, fruit lesion oval, brown, depression. The pathogens spend winter on plant residues or seed coats in the soil. Temperatures above 10°C can cause disease, and high humidity is conducive to disease development. Its prevention method:
A. Disinfect the seeds and kill the germs on the seed coat. Available hot seeds disinfection or 1% copper sulfate 100 times liquid disinfection.
B. Use 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times, 14% copper ammonium phosphate 300 times, or 50% ketan 500 times, and spray 2000 times.
3, powdery mildew: mainly occurred in the late growth period, mainly damage the leaves. In the early stage, white round powdery spots were produced on the leaves or leaves, and then expanded into pieces to form a layer of white powder. Afterwards, they gradually turned gray and white, and the leaves were yellow and dry. Its prevention method:
A, pay attention to ventilation, remove excess branches, reduce the humidity in the field, sorghum planting and so on.
B, with agricultural anti-120, Wei Wei, Triadimefon 1000 ~ 1500 times liquid, 600 times Xiansheng spray.
4. Apes: Harmful to shoots, leaves, and insects in the cluster, sucking juice on the back of the leaves. The damaged leaves become slightly curled and the leaves turn brown. Severe at high temperatures and high humidity. It can be sprayed with 1500 times liquid, such as anti-cockroach 23, chlorite or chlorpheniramine.
V. Harvesting
Bitter gourd is generally harvested from 12-15 days after flowering.
Winter bitter gourd off-season cultivation techniques
First, choose the appropriate sowing date
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