Gastric cancer ranks third among the causes of global cancer deaths, and China accounts for half of the number of patients. In many people's impressions, gastric cancer is a disease, but in terms of subdivision, it includes many types of diffuse gastric cancer, and these different types of gastric cancer can be further subdivided. So, what are the types of diffuse gastric cancer? Is the patient's chemotherapy effective after surgery? What is the prognosis? On March 8th, Beijing time, the internationally renowned academic journal "Nature·Communication" published the results of the research on the diffuse gastric cancer proteome jointly conducted by the Military Medical Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences and the Peking University Cancer Hospital. The results show that protein can provide important and comprehensive information for clinical science, and may become the direct basis for future accurate medical treatment for patients with gastric cancer. The Science and Technology Daily reporter interviewed relevant people on the 16th and learned that the research results marked the "Chinese Human Proteome Project" led by Academician He Fuchu, and conquered the first precision medicine with protein component as the main reference standard. "City Pool" indicates that the "proteome-driven precision medicine era" is coming soon. Accurate diagnosis of "stomach cancer in stomach cancer" "Using proteomic analysis technology to diagnose gastric cancer is like a 'portrait' of a tumor." Qin Yu, director of the National Protein Science Center of the Military Medical Research Institute, introduced his research. "By proteomic analysis, we can give each patient a picture." An image of a healthy tissue and an image of a tumor tissue, by comparing the 'two portraits' of different people, find the difference between the 'face' of a healthy person and the 'face' of different types of tumors, so as to determine which disease is suffering. ." Statistics show that there are about 680,000 new cases of gastric cancer in China each year, accounting for about half of the global cases. At present, gastric cancer is classified into intestinal type, diffuse type and mixed type according to pathological characteristics. Among them, the diffuse type has the worst prognosis and lacks effective targeted therapy, which is called "stomach cancer in gastric cancer". Since 2014, Qin Yu team and the Beijing Cancer Hospital Shen Lin team began large-scale analysis of gastric cancer samples, giving a "portrait" of diffuse gastric cancer. They screened 2451 gastric cancer samples from cancer and matched paracancerous tissue samples that met the research requirements. By mass spectrometric analysis of the sample, 11340 different gene products were identified, covering all possible proteins expressed in tumor cells and tumor microenvironments. By clustering the whole protein expression profiles of gastric cancer and paracancerous tissues, they divided diffuse gastric cancer into three molecular subtypes closely related to survival prognosis and chemosensitivity, and screened 23 prognostic-related gastric cancer candidate proteins. The drug target, and it is expected to replace the whole protein group expression profile with a small number of proteins to determine which of the three molecular subtypes of diffuse gastric cancer, thus laying a solid foundation for clinical application. Studies have shown that these three types of diffuse gastric cancer patients have significant differences in postoperative chemotherapy effects and survival time. "This study found a prognostic-related molecular typing through high-precision resolution of the proteome. Next, for different types of diffuse gastric cancer, or other types of tumors, we can do accurate diagnosis and treatment, that is, Targeted precision treatment was performed after accurate diagnosis," said He Fuchu, chief scientist of the China Human Proteome Project, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and vice president of the Academy of Military Sciences. Identifying therapeutic targets with "innovative painting techniques" Group science is a science that studies the laws of life from a holistic perspective, just like putting together five senses to identify people's appearance. The proteome and the genome are different: the genome reflects the intrinsic genetic information, just like the appearance of a person at birth; the proteome reflects the external functional information, just like the appearance of people of different ages. Although we can speculate on the appearance of a person at different ages, the actual appearance will be affected by various external factors. “It’s like thinking that portraits need to be drawn with pencils to draw thick lines and then paint. Later, sketches can also be a novel art form. The genomes that make up the various organs of the human body are the same, but the different organs are in shape and function. The performance varies, and the key is determined by the proteome. The proteome is much more complex than the genome.†The expert group of the research team, independent of any genomic information, proteomics can provide an important basis for clinical science. The Qin Qi team's research found that some patients can detect mutations in the gene, but no corresponding protein expression was detected in the cancer and adjacent tissues, indicating that the drug against the mutation could not play a therapeutic role. “It's like the relationship between the pigment pool and the pigment.†Qin said that the genome is like a paint pool, providing a variety of pigments to paint a picture. Proteins are pigments of various colors that exhibit different colors through interaction. It is not always possible to find out which part of the painting is chromatic aberration by simply checking whether the pigment pool lacks a certain pigment. “We can use the 'innovative painting technique' to accurately detect the protein expression of cancer and adjacent tissues, and analyze the pigments through big data to explore the relevant scientific laws and distinguish different types of diseases. In our research, we can accurately identify therapeutic targets, and may discover the exact cause of tumorigenesis, even inhibiting cancer cells and treating tumors through proteins with specific effects," he said. Proteomics will drive the precision medicine boom "Proteomics technology has made breakthroughs in recent years." Qin said that it is now possible to quantify more than 6,000 gene products within 6 hours, which is equivalent to the actual protein species expressed in cells, and the number of samples required can be low. Up to 10,000 cells, about a few cubic millimeters of tissue. This makes the individualized proteomics research for a certain number of people have the conditions, so the "China Human Proteome Project" can basically complete the first phase of the data output task in just 4 years, which is not 10 years ago. imagination. The latest published research is part of the China Human Proteome Project. The reporter learned that the US-led Human Tumor Genome Project (TCGA) has mapped the genomic variation maps of dozens of tumors over the past decade and mapped out the genomic "topographic map" of cancer, making huge for human understanding of cancer. The contribution also gave birth to the US "precise medical plan" and "cancer moon landing plan." As a proteomics in the post-genome era, the development in China has maintained a trend of keeping pace with the international community. Under the joint funding of the Ministry of Science and Technology's 863 Program, the 973 Program, and the International Cooperation Program, the China Human Proteome Project, launched in 2014, attempts to understand tumors in a more advanced dimension of proteins, revealing the molecular mechanisms of tumors, and seeking treatment. target. Academician He Fuchu said that the "Chinese Human Proteome Project" is to "normalize" normal physiology and different diseases, and can accurately identify health and disease. In the first stage, more than ten kinds of liver cancer, diffuse gastric cancer and lung adenocarcinoma were selected. Tumors as research objects, the current data output has been basically completed, and gradually entered the data analysis and results output stage. The research results of the molecular typing of gastric cancer proteome are only the first one. Follow-up and a series of organ tumor research will follow up, and the convergence will form a new wave of "proteomics-driven precision medicine". New treatments, treatment strategies, and treatment ideas such as individualized treatment, precision treatment, and targeted therapy will emerge in large numbers.
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"China Human Proteome Project" announced part of the results of the first phase