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First, the biological characteristics of ginkgo Ginkgo biloba is a unique deciduous tree, seedlings generally spend more than 20 years to flower and fruit. Hi well-dampened, well-drained, deep soils that are more drought and impatient. The leaves are scalloped, light green, and the leaves are long-stalked, clustered at the top of short branches or sporadically scattered on long branches. Ginkgo biloba is a dioecious plant. Female and male flowers have no floral structure, neither flower buds nor petals. The female flower has only one naked ovule and the male flower is a catkin. The branches of Ginkgo biloba generally grow only once a year, and do not have autumn shoots. They stop growing from the end of June to the beginning of July. 1-year-old branches are soft and perennial branches are brittle. The branches of ginkgo tree are divided into two types: long branch and short branch. All branches, leaves and flowers of Ginkgo biloba are developed from buds.
Second, seedling propagation of agricultural production There are two main breeding methods for ginkgo: First, sowing nursery, the second is cutting seedlings. The planting seedlings have developed main roots. The main roots have lateral roots and fibrous roots, which are clearly structured and form a huge straight root system. There was no obvious main root in the cutting seedlings, and the lateral roots were well developed, forming more fibrous roots. Sowing seedlings are more resistant and seedlings grow better. Landscaping seedlings are mostly cuttage seedlings, which can be used to propagate male or female plants in a targeted manner, maintain the excellent traits of the mother plants, have low cost, have a fast propagation speed, are easy to operate, and have a short seedling time.
1. Sowing seedlings
1.1 Select the nursery to choose a flat land, sunny leeward, deep soil, loose soil and fertile, there is a good source of water and drainage. Fully dipping deep into the nursery land and apply 2000-3000 kg of fully decomposed organic fertilizer mixed with superphosphate per acre (do not apply fresh organic fertilizer).
1.2 sowing southern spring sowing in mid-and late March, north in mid-April. Before germination, seed soaking with 0.5% potassium permanganate for 2 hours, or soaking with 0.3~1% copper sulfate for 4~6 hours to disinfect seeds. Sowing can be used for seeding, broadcasting, seeding, and drilling. In the nursery area, 20~39cm row spacing ditch, ditch depth 2~3cm, broadcast amplitude 5~8cm, the next seed should be placed in the north and south, the direction is the same, the radicle is downward, the seed suture is perpendicular or parallel to the ground, the seed tip Horizontal, spacing from 8 to 10 cm. After sowing, cover with fine soil, and cover with plastic mulch, and remove the mulch in time after emergence of seedlings.
2. Cutting seedlings
2.1 Hardwood cuttings Generally in the middle and late March, the cuttings of 1 year old or semi-lignified trees are used for cuttings. The branches were cut into 15-20 cm lengths to ensure that there were 3 or more full shoots. The upper incision was flat (the end buds were not cut), the lower incision was horse ear, and the cut surface length was 1.5-2 cm. The cuttings of the tip, the middle and the base are tied together according to their thickness. Note that the direction of the buds cannot be reversed. Each bundle of 30-50 sticks is aligned with the lower end and soaked in prepared 100 mg/kg ABT No. 6 rooting powder or naphthaleneacetic acid solution. In 1 hour, the lower part is immersed in 4 to 5 cm. When cutting, first open the ditch, or use a cutting cone to drill holes, insert the cuttings, expose 1 or 2 buds on the ground, compact the cover soil, and raise the seedlings and transplanting techniques from 10 cm to 20 cm to 30 cm. Cut in the nutrition bag and drill a few holes in the lower part of the nutrition bag to facilitate root penetration.
Management 1 timely and appropriate water spray: exposed cuttings, in addition to immediately after filling a water permeate, the continuous fine summer water spray sooner or later, one month later gradually reduce the number of water spray and water spray. 2 Shading: Plastic canopy is a good condition, shade canopy, or shade net. 3 Dressing: After the cuttings are rooted from May to June, extra-root dressing is performed with 0.1% urea or 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution for 15 to 20 days. You can also use thin manure water. 4 Disease prevention and pest control: Use 50% phoxim EC to 1000 times to water the roots to prevent and control the underground pests, and use 3,000 times the enemy to kill and control the leaf-feeding pests. From June, a 5% ferrous sulfate solution is sprayed every 20 days to prevent stem rot. 5 transplanting: open cuttage, defoliation to the second year before the budding direct evacuation. For cuttings in plastic greenhouses, the seedlings must be prepared before transplanting (70-80 days): First, under the premise of preventing the matrix from drying out, the number of water sprays and the amount of water sprayed should be gradually reduced; secondly, the light intensity should be increased and gradually removed. Shading, increase light transmittance until full light; Third, increase ventilation times and intensity, reduce humidity. The hardening time is 7-15 days.
2.2 Ginkgo Twig cuttings
From early June to early August, cuttings of semi-lignified long shoots are cut in the upper and middle parts of the tree crown for cuttings. After harvesting, they are cut into 10 to 15 cm in length, contain 3 to 4 buds, and retain 2 to 3 leaves. The cuttings are bundled at the base, middle, and tip, respectively. Each bundle of 50 strains is bundled and the lower end is flush and placed on a 1000 mg/kg rooting powder or naphthalene acetic acid solution (10 seconds). A layer of newspaper is placed on the bed, punched with a cutting cone, or inserted into the trench. The single and double buds were all embedded in the matrix, and more than 3 were inserted into the matrix 5-8 cm. After compaction, the matrix is ​​compacted and poured with water for 1 time. The spacing is 5 cm and 10 cm. The blades of the cuttings cannot overlap or squeeze each other, preferably the lateral buds at the top of the cuttings point southwards and the blades point in the other direction.
Management: After cutting, it is required that the moisture content of the substrate be maintained at 14~16% and the air humidity is more than 80%. It is advisable that the plastic film on the shed has more small water drops that do not fall. According to the weather, control the water spray several times a day. By spraying water, the plastic film was uncovered and the ventilation in the booth was changed. Cutting seedlings should be promptly prevented and pest-control. Cuttings can be rooted in about 25 days, and hardening can be done in about one month. During the hardening period, the number of water sprays and the amount of water spray are gradually reduced, the number and intensity of ventilation are increased, and the plastic film is gradually removed. In the year of the year, the growth of shoots on the shoots of the tender shoots was small and the resistance was weak. The transplanting in the year was not recommended, and transplanting in the spring of the second year was better.
Third, seedlings Transplanted Ginkgo biloba planting sites should be selected with certain soil fertility, sufficient sunlight and moisture, high dry terrain, drainage is easy, good ventilation, soil layer thickness of more than 40cm in the lot. Ginkgo trees are divided into male and female. To achieve high yields, pollinating trees should be reasonably configured. The male plants with the same female plant variety and flowering period were selected and the proportion of male and female plants was 25 to 50:1. The arrangement method was a five- or seven-planted center type, and it could also be arranged in four corners.
1. Planting time and density
1.1 Ginkgo biloba seedlings in dormancy period can be planted, and the best results are achieved in autumn.
1.2 Planting Density The planting density of Ginkgo biloba seedlings was determined based on the factors such as topography, topography, soil fertility, and planting purpose of the planting area of ​​Ginkgo biloba.
2. Planting methods Ginkgo seedlings are planted with a depth of about 80 cm and a diameter of about 100 cm. Compost or farmyard fertilizer 50~100kg is applied in each pit, and 0.2~0.5kg of superphosphate is uniformly mixed with a small amount of top soil and filled into the pit. The planting depth is 10~15cm above the root neck, the root neck is kept flush with the soil surface, and the seedlings are slowly lifted several times. During the filling process, the footsteps are stepped on, so that the soil layer is dense and the earthworms are formed around the pit. . After the planting is completed, it is irrigated and watered once a week for 3 to 4 times.
3. Transplanting Main Points of Ginkgo Trees In recent years, transplanting techniques of large trees have been widely used in landscaping in Kunming area. The root ball of Ginkgo biloba root is 5 to 8 times of the base diameter, and the soil ball and tree bar are fixed and tied with straw ropes. Use a crane to take seedlings and transplant them. When transplanting in the growing season, new branches and young leaves should be cut off by 2/3 in order to reduce water evaporation. The digging and implantation pit diameter is 1 to 2 meters, depth is 1.5 to 2 meters, 50 to 100 kg of base fertilizer, plus 0.5 to 1 kg of compound fertilizer, and soil is mixed and practical for transplanting. After planting, the tree discs shall be soaked with rooting water, covered with a plastic film or grass, and then be supported with three pillars. The joint between the trunk and the pillars shall be protected with a soft cloth to prevent damage to the bark by the pillars when the wind blows. After the planting, it should be poured 3 to 5 days for the second time. Afterwards, the water should be sprayed for about 7~8 days, and the canopy should be sprayed at the right time.
IV. Post-planting Management Points of Gingko
1. Shaping and Pruning Shaping and pruning can speed up the growth of plants. Each year, the root sprouts and some diseased plants, dead branches, twigs, weak branches, overlapping branches, and injured and injured branches are cut off. Concentrate nutrients on the main branch to promote plant growth. To maintain a certain tree shape, ensure that the trees are tall, well-proportioned, tall and straight, and beautiful.
2. Artificial pollination Ginkgo biloba is an air-borne plant. The simplest method of artificial pollination is to cut the forthcoming male squid from other trees or branches and hang it directly on the upper part of the female plant. Artificial liquid pollination may also be used. After the fresh male inflorescence is picked, 0.5 kg of fresh male inflorescence is added to 25-30 kg of water, and the residue is filtered off. In the pollen solution, l% sucrose and 0.2% borax are added. The pollen solution is sprayed with the spray. The best time for artificial pollination is usually selected when small beads appear on the bead of the pistil. When weather conditions such as rain and fog are encountered during flowering, artificial pollination is often used to remedy the situation.
3. Diseases and Insect Pests The common diseases in the growth process of Ginkgo biloba include: leaf blight and dry rot, all of which are fungal diseases. Bacterial blight prevention measures include the use of 25% carbendazim 500 times solution and 70% thiophanate-methyl 600 times solution in the early stage of seedling growth to spray evenly 2 or 3 times, and timely remove fallen leaves. The dry rot is sprayed with 800 times liquid of wolfberry fruit and 2000 to 1500 times of silk seed. 25% of the seedlings of the honeysuckle are cut. For the ginkgo biloba that has dry rot disease successively, the virus II should be diluted 300-400 times. Whole plant spray and root irrigation. During the growth period of Ginkgo biloba, the common pests are: leaf roller moth, thrips, etc. Among them, the leaf roller moth larvae mostly feed on the leaves in the early summer and can adopt the method of artificially removing moths and rolling leaves. When the adults occur, they can hang sweet and sour vinegar pots or spray 50% phoxim EC at 1000 times; the thrips mainly damage the young leaves of Ginkgo biloba, and can spray 2.5% dichlorfon 2000 times or 20% in the early stage of growth. Speed ​​killing and killing 3,000 times of chlorinated milk, etc. for prevention and treatment.
V. Concluding remarks Ginkgo biloba cultivation should be based on the biological characteristics of Ginkgo biloba, and the special environmental conditions for planting to suit the local conditions for cultivation and management, so as to increase planting, increase income, and maximize economic value of cultivation purposes.
Ginkgo tree cultivation techniques
Ginkgo biloba is classified as a plant in the plant taxonomy, ginkgo family Ginkgo genus. According to the length and width of seed kernels and the orthogonal positions of two axes, the ginkgo varieties are divided into five categories: (1) eldest sons (2) Buddhas (3) horses (4) plums (5) rounds. Ginkgo seed kernel (also known as ginkgo) is one of China's famous dried fruits. Ginkgo is rich in nutrients such as starch, protein, and vitamin C. Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) contains more than 160 active ingredients that can be used to treat coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and angina pectoris. Ginkgo biloba is made of dense material, beautiful texture and special fragrance. It is an excellent material for fine furniture and interior decoration. The development and popularization of Ginkgo biloba plantation in the suburban areas is of great significance for the transformation of suburban agricultural economy and the protection of urban afforestation seedlings.
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