Bitter gourd, cowpea, and heart-shaped mustard three-year high-efficiency cropping mode

Today, we will introduce a new model of high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation in Guangxi in the year. In order to solve the problems of low planting efficiency of bitter melon base, unscientific rotation arrangement, serious pests and diseases, etc., we introduce a bitter gourd, cowpea and baguette mustard rotation. Mode, the early cultivation of bitter gourd, the soil after 2 times of solar disinfection, the use of bitter melon frame to connect with summer kidney beans, cowpea meal improved soil fertility, and can provide additional nitrogen nutrients for autumn and winter cabbage meat mustard, to achieve three years Cooked and efficient cultivation. This new model has become a good path for farmers in Guangxi and even southern China to get rid of poverty.

1 Soil requirements and disinfection

Bitter melons are moist, afraid of flooding, and should be selected for soils that are not susceptible to cockroaches, have a pH of 5.5 to 6.5, and have good permeability. After the end of bitter gourd, the melons of the front hoe are cleaned up in time, and the ploughing is repeated once. 667 m2 spreads lime water 20 kg, quicklime 30 kg, and incompletely decomposed organic fertilizer 500 kg evenly on the surface. The soil is fully mixed and then irrigated. The relative humidity of the soil is between 60% and 70%, and the film is covered for about 20 days.

After uncovering the mulch for 2 to 3 days, the field will be ploughed twice and finely squashed. After screeding, the ridge will be 1.2 m wide and 畦 0.25 to 0.30 m high. The surface of the glutinous rice should be smooth and finely covered. The film covers 2 to 5 In the day, the solar disinfection is carried out twice for the cultivation of summer kidney beans. After the end of the cardamom, clean the melons, etc., and turn them 30 cm deep. Use the sun to expose the plot for 5 to 7 days until the soil in the field is whitish for later planting.

2 茬口 arrangement

Bitter gourd can be planted in late November, planted in late December to mid-January, harvested in late March of the next year, and cleared in mid-June in June; cowpeas are planted at the end of July and early August, and harvested in early September. Cleared in late October; packaged mustard must be seeded in late September, planted at the end of October, harvested in mid-to-late December.

3 Cultivation techniques

3.1 Spring Balsam

1 variety selection

Choose bitter melon varieties with early maturity, good cold tolerance, storage and transportation resistance, strong disease resistance and suitable for export, such as Gui Nongke No. 3, Gui Nongke No. 10, Cuicui, Green, and Xincui.

The product is required to be oily green, large straight tumor, about 30 cm long, and the average single melon is about 350 g.

2 sowing, seedling, grafting

a. Treatment before sowing. Breeding with a warming facility such as a greenhouse, using about 250 g per 667 m2. The seeds are sterilized before sowing, and two methods of soaking seeds and disinfecting the chemicals are commonly used.

Soaking seeds in warm soup: After soaking for 15 minutes with normal temperature water, the seeds are transferred to 55 °C hot water, the amount of water is 3 times of the seed amount, the water temperature is maintained at 55 °C and stirred for 10 min, then naturally soaked for 4-5 h.

Soaking seeds: After soaking for 6-8 hours at room temperature, place them in 50% carbendazim WP 1000 times solution or 70% thiophanate-methyl (methyl thiophanate) WP 800 times solution. Min, remove and wash and wrap it with clean and moist cotton cloth. The seed thickness should not exceed 4 cm. Place the seeds under the environmental conditions of 30 °C to germination. Keep the seeds moist during the germination process.

b. Nursery. Seedlings were planted in 50-well or 72-hole trays. The nutrient soil in the seedling tray was irrigated with water one day before sowing, and the white seeds were sown in the tray substrate. Each hole was coated with a pre-wet matrix with a thickness of 0.5-1.0 cm. The surface of the plate is covered with a layer of mulch, and then the small arch shed is used to heat the seedlings.

At the seedling stage, the temperature is between 20 and 30 ° C. When the temperature of the nursery environment is lower than 13 ° C, the incandescent lamp is heated in a small arch shed at 75 W/m 2 . Keep the seedbed moist, and see the white water in time.

When 70% of the seedlings are emerged, the covered mulch is removed in time to keep the substrate moist. Watering should be carried out on sunny days from 11:00 to 15:00, and small arches can be closed after the seedlings are dry.

If the growth is not strong in the late stage of seedling, 0.3% compound fertilizer aqueous solution or foliar spray 400-500 times amino acid liquid fertilizer can be applied. After the seedlings grow out of the true leaves, they promptly expose the small arch shed and make the seedlings.

c. Grafting. The rootstocks are mainly white seed squash and squash, and the rootstock is sown 7 days earlier than the scion. The grafting of bitter gourd mainly adopts the mitering method and the splicing method. 9 to 10 days after grafting is the wound healing period, and attention should be paid to the management of temperature, humidity and illumination.

The temperature is controlled at 25 to 30 ° C during the day and 20 ° C at night, and the humidity is maintained above 95%. After 3 to 4 days of grafting, all the light should be blocked. In the later stage, the cover is removed in the morning and evening, and the cover is gradually removed as the wound is healed.

3 land preparation, planting

a. Soil preparation and application of base fertilizer. The field should be ploughed and ploughed, and after leveling, the shovel should be opened around the field. According to the width of the face is 1.3 m, the groove width is 0.5 m, and the height is 0.2 to 0.5 m. 7 days before planting, the base fertilizer was applied with 1500 to 2 500 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per 667 m2, 10 to 15 kg of compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=15:15:15), and 20 to 25 kg of calcium, magnesium and phosphate fertilizers. Use ditch or full-layer fertilization.

b. transplanting. When the seedling grows to 4 leaves, it can be transplanted, planted in a single row, with a plant spacing of 50 cm, and a density of 800 to 1,000 plants per 667 m2. If grafted seedlings are planted, they are planted in a single row with a plant spacing of 80-90 cm and a density of about 350 plants per 667 m2.

The key technology of bitter gourd spring early adopts the method of double membrane covering. The planting adopts the deworming and cold-proof measures after planting the silver-gray mulch, planting the root water after planting, and then constructing the small arch shed for cold insulation. The span of the small arch shed is 0.8. ~1.0 m, shed height 0.5 to 0.7 m.

4 field management

a. pruning. According to the temperature rise, every year in late February (after the Spring Festival), the small arch shed will be removed first. When the melon seedling grows to about 0.6 m, the "people" frame should be used to guide the vines in time. The frame must be firm and avoid the wind and collapse. Melon seedlings.

When the height of the plant is 1.5 m or more, the side branches below 0.8 m are knocked out. Leave a side bud at the root of the plant next to the seedling, and wait until the side bud becomes a vine and lead to the missing seedling position.

After harvesting the first commercial melon, the leaves of the plant below 0.5 m were all removed. In cultivation, deformed melons, diseased melons, worms, diseased leaves, old leaves and thin side branches should be removed in time.

b. Topdressing. The bitter gourd topdressing should be carried out according to the principle of “pre-light, medium-term heavy, and late supplementation”. In the early stage of seedling stage and early melon, ternary compound fertilizer is used every 10 to 15 days per 667 m2 (N:P2O5:K2O=15:15) : 15) 6 ~ 9 kg of fertilizer solution.

After 2 weeks of harvest, 15 kg of urea and high-potassium compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=18:7:20) 15 kg were applied per 667 m2 for 3 to 4 times. Foliar application of 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution was applied after each harvest.

c. Irrigation. It is better to use less irrigation before the melon, which is mainly for controlling, which is beneficial to promote the deep rooting of the roots; the water demand after the melon is large, the water is poured once every 7 to 10 days, and there is a layer of water at the bottom of the ditch, and the soil moisture should be maintained during the growth period. 85% of the maximum water holding capacity in the soil.

d. Artificial assisted pollination. Due to the low temperature in the initial stage of the melon, artificial assistant pollination can be used to increase the fruit setting rate. The freshly opened male flowers are taken before 9:00 every day, and the pollen is applied to the open female flower heads. Generally, each male flower can wipe 2 to 3 female flowers.

5 pest control

The main pests of bitter gourd are melon flies, and the main diseases are powdery mildew and blight.

a. melon flies. After discovering the fruit fly, the whole diseased melon was removed in time, and an empty mineral water bottle sprayed with insect physical mucus or bait was used to trap the adult fly. In the evening, spray with 20% chlorinated cyanide and zhongdingwei emulsifiable concentrate, spray once every 3 to 5 days, and spray 2 to 3 times.

b. Powdery mildew. From March to May, the temperature is high and the humidity is high. It is the season of high incidence of powdery mildew. Preventive measures should be taken in time. 40% DuPont Fuxing (Fluorosilazole) EC 8 000 ~ 10 000 times liquid, 18% triazolone wettability Powder 600-800 times liquid, 5% hexaconazole alcohol suspension 2 500 ~ 5000 times liquid, 50% ether oxystrobin water dispersion granules 1 800 ~ 2000 times liquid and other agents alternately sprayed.

At the same time, pay attention to reduce the humidity in the field, remove the old leaves and diseased leaves, and maintain good ventilation and light transmission.

c. Fusarium wilt. Bitter gourd wilt is a fungal disease, mainly occurs in the main vine stem section. When the disease occurs, the diseased plant should be removed in time, and sprayed with 30% of the 30% chlorpyrifos solution. Spray once every 7 to 10 days for 3 to 4 times.

6 harvest

Generally, 12 to 15 days after flowering is the harvesting period. The strips or knobs of the fruit are fuller, the peel turns to be shiny, and the top color of the fruit begins to fade.

3.2 Summer Kidney Beans

1 variety selection

Choose medium-sized long kidney beans and short kidney beans varieties with high yield, good quality, strong disease resistance, heat resistance and storage resistance, such as Guijing No.1, Guiyu No.2, Guifeng No.6, Weiliang Kidney Bean, Youbao Black seed oil green kidney beans, marshal cowpea, Lianyi No.1 and so on. The product pods are light green and full in shape, with a pod length of 55-80 cm.

2 soil preparation, sowing

a. base fertilizer. After the soil is disinfected, after covering the mulch for 2 to 3 days, the deep application method of the base fertilizer is adopted: the ditch is ditched in the middle of the shovel, the ditch depth is 20-25 cm, and the 667 m2 is applied with 100 kg of bio-organic fertilizer, 40 kg of superphosphate, and 30 kg of potassium sulfate. After mixing the above fertilizers, it is poured into a soil layer of 20 to 25 cm, and the soil is covered with fertilizer to make a base fertilizer.

b. Seed treatment. For each 667 m2, the amount of 1.5~2.0 kg is used. The seed is dried for 1~2 days before sowing. After soaking in 55 °C hot water for 15 min, soak it for 5-6 h at room temperature, remove it, wash it, drain it, and cover it with a damp cloth. .

c. Sowing. At the time of sowing, seed dressing disinfection treatment was carried out with 2.5% Shile (Fluoridonitrile) suspension seed coating agent, and 1 to 3 kg seeds could be mixed with 1 bag of seed coating agent 10 mL.

The live broadcast was carried out. After the seeds were white, the bean umbilical was sown downward, planted in two rows, with a row spacing of 0.7 m and a hole spacing of 0.30 to 0.40 m. 3 to 4 seeds were seeded at each hole, and covered with decomposed fine soil after sowing, 1 to 2 cm thick.

3 field management

a. Replanting. After emergence, check the seedlings, make up the seedlings, and the seedlings in time before the two true leaves. Seedlings transplanted with soil should be carefully watered to promote survival. According to the fixed seedlings, there are 2 strong and strong seedlings per hole, and the number of selected plants is 5,000 to 5,500 per 667 m2.

b. Pruning. In the timely manner before the vines, the "people" frame on the vines was introduced. The whole shoot begins at the beginning of flowering and removes the lateral buds below the first flowering of the main vine.

The lateral branches of the main vines above the first flowering ears retain the flower buds; the mixed buds remove the leaf buds, retaining the flower buds on the side branches; the leaf buds leave 2 to 3 leaves for the topping; after the first peak of the early stage of the pods, the leaves are The side branches between the branches are 1 to 3 knots.

The main vine grows to 15 to 20 knots and is 200 to 230 cm high. The top sprouting side branch leaves 1 leaf topping. In the peak period of the pod, if there is poor ventilation and light transmission at the bottom, the lower old leaves are cut off in stages to remove the fallen leaves in the field.

c. Topdressing management. In the beginning of the flowering period of cowpea, first 20 cm from the base of the bean seedlings on both sides of the scorpion, the ditch depth is 10 cm, 667 m2 of diammonium phosphate 20 kg, ternary compound fertilizer 30 kg, cover soil after fertilization; first topping After 2 to 3 days, spray the leaf surface with Aiduo (sodium nitrophenolate) 6 000 times solution 2 to 3 times; when the side branches enter the flowering pod stage, spray the potassium dihydrogen phosphate every 7 days. The liquid is sprayed 3 to 4 times in total.

d. Water management. In the seedling stage, the water should be properly controlled; if the soil and air are too dry during the flowering period, the small water can be poured once before the flowering, and the watering is not watered at the beginning of the flowering period; the watering period should be sufficient to maintain sufficient water, and according to the climate, soil quality, cultivation methods, The growth state of the crop determines the watering time and the amount of watering. Generally, the water is poured once every 7 days in the initial stage of pod formation, and the watering amount is gradually increased when the young pod grows 3 to 4 cm, so that the water is stable in the maximum water holding capacity of the soil. %~70%.

In the seedling stage, the cultivating soil combined with weeding, the application of diammonium phosphate in the main root zone of cowpea, the amount of fertilization per 667 m2 is 10 kg, a total of 4 to 6 times, the application depth is about 20 cm; the flowering and pod-forming period combined with watering for topdressing 3 kg of ternary compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=15:15:15) was applied every 667 m2 for 5-7 times.

4 pest control

The main pests and diseases are rust, bacterial diseases, viral diseases, root rot, blight, etc., as well as pea pods and mites.

a. Cowpea rust. It occurs mostly in the middle and late growth stages, mainly affecting the leaves. In the early stage of rust, 15% triazolone wettable powder 1000 times liquid or 70% mancozeb wettable powder 500-600 times liquid is used, and it is controlled every 7 to 10 days. Second, continuous control 2 to 3 times.

b. Bacterial disease. In the early stage of the disease, use 72% agricultural streptomycin soluble powder 3,000 to 4,000 times solution or 90% neomycin WP 3,000 to 4,000 times solution + 20% thiazole zinc suspension 500 to 600 times solution or 46 % can be used to kill 叁仟1 000～1 500 times of liquid, and the control focuses on the lower leaves of plants.

c. Viral disease. In the early stage, 20% virus A soluble powder 800 times solution + 10% imidacloprid WP 2 000 times solution + zinc sulphate 2,000 times solution was mixed for prevention and control, and control was performed once every 7 to 10 days for 3 times.

d. Cowpea root rot and blight. It is a soil-borne disease, and it is easy to occur in high temperature and high humidity. In the field of sporadic onset of the disease, you can use carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl and other agents to plant the base of the plant or root irrigation control, every 7 days to prevent 1 time, for 3 to 4 times.

e. Kidney bean pods. Alternate control with 20% deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrate 500 times solution and 1.8% avermectin emulsifiable concentrate 1 000 times solution, from the initial flowering stage to the flowering stage, and sprayed once every 6 to 7 days.

f. Leaf miner. Alternate use of 1.8% avermectin EC 2 500 ~ 3000 times liquid, 75% fly amide wettable powder 1 000 ~ 1500 times liquid spray control. Aphids can be sprayed with 70% imidacloprid water-dispersible granules 5,000 times liquid spray.

5 harvest

The pods reach the maturity standard of the commodity, the pods are full and soft, and the harvest is suitable when the kernels are not exposed.

3.3 autumn and winter wrapped heart mustard

1 variety selection

Choose high quality, stable yield, strong resistance, tight ball, green and white leaf ball, large and thick, nearly spherical, average mass per plant is about 1.5 kg, suitable for fresh and pickled processing of medium and late cooked large meat mustard Varieties, such as Dapingpu big meat, cabbage, mustard, Chinese cabbage, mustard, Thai Dapingpu, mustard, Taiwan, big meat, mustard, etc.

2 nursery and land preparation

a. Sowing and nursery. The amount of seed is 20-30 g per 667 m2. The seeds are sterilized before sowing. 75% chlorothalonil WP can be used to seed the amount of 0.4% seed dressing or 25% toxic WP WP according to the seed amount 0.3% seed dressing to prevent downy mildew and black spot.

Seedlings were cultured in 72-well or 128-well trays. The nutrient soil in the seedling tray was irrigated 1 day before sowing, and 1 to 2 capsules were planted per hole. The pre-wet matrix with a thickness of 0.5 cm was overlaid to cover the mulch. The seedbed should be poured in small water and kept moist. When the seedling grows to 4-6 leaves and the seedling height is about 15 cm, it can be seen.

b. Site preparation and application of base fertilizer. With the application of the base fertilizer, the tillage is fine, and the flattening starts after the flattening. According to the width of 1.3 m, the groove width is 0.3 m, and the groove depth is 0.25 m. 667 m2 of fermented organic fertilizer 2 000 ~ 3 000 kg, diammonium phosphate 30 kg, superphosphate 30 kg as a base fertilizer.

A silver-gray mulch film with a width of 150 cm and a thickness of 0.008 mm was selected, and the mulch film was flatly covered on the enamel surface to the bottom of the sputum, so that the mulch and the enamel surface were closely attached, and the surrounding area was compacted with a soil seal.

3 field management

a. Colonization. Choose to transplant in sunny evening or cloudy day, and the density of mid-late maturity should be small. According to the plant spacing of 0.3 m, the row spacing is 0.3 m, and the planting is carried out. Each seed is 4 to 5 rows, and 5,000 to 6,000 plants are transplanted per 667 m2, and the root water is poured after planting.

b. Topdressing. According to the fertilization characteristics of the mustard in each period, the fertilizer was applied at a seedling stage of 10 kg per 667 m2; in the rosette period, ternary compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=15:15:15) was 10 kg per 667 m2. Potassium sulfate 25 kg; 20 kg of ternary compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=15:15:15) per 667 m2 at the beginning of the ball.

During the ball-forming period, the leaves were sprayed 2 to 3 times with a mixture of 0.7% calcium chloride and 50 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid.

c. Water management. You can grasp the principle of dryness and wetness during the seedling stage and rosette period, and keep the soil moist during the ball-forming period. Watering should be stopped 10 days before harvesting.

4 pest control

The main diseases are downy mildew, soft rot, black rot, etc. The main pests are spotted fly, aphids and so on. In the early stage of the ball and in the late growth stage, it mainly controls downy mildew, soft rot and diamondback moth.

a. Downy mildew. It can be used alternately with 72% frost urea, manganese zinc wettable powder 600-800 times liquid, 50% dimethomorph wettable powder 3,000 times liquid, 64% nail cream, manganese zinc wettable powder 500 times liquid, etc. , every 5 to 7 days, 2 to 3 times in a row.

b. Soft rot. It can be used alternately with 72% sulfuric acid streptomycin soluble powder 3 000 ~ 4 000 times solution, 90% neomycinic acid soluble powder 4 000 times liquid, 14% lycopene copper water 350 times liquid and other agents spray control, every 7 ~ Once every 10 days, 2 to 3 times in a row.

c. Black rot. In the early stage of the disease, 72% sulfuric acid streptomycin soluble powder 3,000 to 4,000 times liquid spray, 90% neomycin WP wet powder 4 000 times liquid, 14% lycopene copper water 350 times liquid can be used alternately. .

d. Aphids. The spray is alternately sprayed with 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 2,000 to 3,000 times solution, 0.9% avermectin emulsifiable concentrate 1,500 to 2,000 times solution or 3% acetamiprid emulsifiable concentrate 1500 times solution.

e. Liriomyza. Disperse oil suspension 2 000 to 3,000 times solution, 1.8% avermectin EC 2 000 times solution, 0.5% methyl salt emulsion 1500 times solution or 10% fly amide suspension with 10% cyanamide 1 500 times liquid and other agents are sprayed alternately.

5 harvest

Generally, it can be harvested 80 days after planting. The leaf color of the mustard mustard is light, the heart leaves are round and spherical, and the cracks on the surface of the meat stem can be harvested. If it is used for processing, it will be harvested on a sunny day and then dried for 1 day.

The above is the main cultivation point of this model. Nowadays, the rotation mode is not single, and many areas are popular. Friends who like it can refer to it more.

Light Color Halves Walnut Kernels

light color products ,halves, Yunnan origin. shelling by hands, good shape, sweet and crispy

Light Color Halves Walnut Kernels,Shelled Walnut Halves Light Color,Walnuts Halves Light Color,Walnuts Kernels Light Halves

Weishan Yuanxing Walnuts Co.,Ltd. , https://www.walnutsxxy.com