Release date: 2016-09-26 A cold is a "beautiful accident" in our daily lives! Although this disease is no big deal, it will be very uncomfortable when you have a cold. Below, we introduce some cold knowledge about colds. 1. Why is it easy to catch a cold at low temperatures? In the 1960s, rhinoviruses were successfully isolated from patient samples and proved to cause upper respiratory tract infections in humans. Previous studies have indicated that the optimal quality temperature of the virus is slightly lower than the physiological temperature of the human body, which is about 33-35 °C. This result also supports the fact that the virus only causes infections in the nose rather than in the lungs (since the temperature of the nasal cavity is lower than the lungs). The primary infection target of RV is the epidermal cells of the respiratory tract. Similar to other parts of the body, the respiratory epithelial cells also have a natural immune signaling system, which can sense external viral infections and initiate natural immune effects through signal sensing elements such as TLR and RLR. Recent studies have shown that at higher temperatures, the innate immune effect in epidermal cells is more active, and activation of RLR can produce large amounts of type I interferons, thereby inhibiting viral replication. However, other studies have found that higher temperatures can inhibit viral replication even in the absence of effector genes such as type I interferons. This indicates that the body is able to produce another type of interferon-independent antiviral response at physiological temperatures. Researchers from Yale University have found through experiments that there is a clear correlation between rhinovirus replication ability and ambient temperature. First, the authors used human organ epithelial cells to detect changes in viral replication capacity with temperature in the context of RV infection. The results showed that when the temperature was raised from 33 ° C to 37 ° C, the ability of the virus to replicate was significantly inhibited at an early stage. However, at this time, the production of type I interferon in the cells does not change significantly with the increase in temperature. This indicates that the early decline in viral infection, the decline in viral replication capacity caused by elevated temperature does not depend on the role of type I interferon. In addition, the authors have been validated in both human HELA cells and mouse epithelial cells. In order to study the molecular mechanism, the authors examined the replication ability of RV and the antiviral response of host cells. The results show that at higher temperatures, viral infection can induce physiological changes in the host cells as well as rapid apoptosis, while at lower temperatures, the infected cells do not change significantly over a longer period of time. Further, the authors demonstrate that activated cells undergo rapid caspase 3 activation at higher temperatures and trigger apoptosis. Overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 is effective in inhibiting this process. In summary, the authors demonstrate the intrinsic mechanism by which common influenza viruses can acquire strong infections at lower temperatures, ie, infected cells are less prone to apoptosis at lower temperatures, thus contributing to viral replication in host cells. In fact, about 20% of the individual's body contains rhinovirus in any time period. In general, the lower the temperature, the lower the innate immunity of the body to the virus; later researchers hope to reveal more in-depth research on how temperature affects the immune response to other conditions, such as childhood asthma, etc., the common cold The general population is commonplace, but a cold can cause severe breathing problems in children with asthma. In future studies, researchers may reveal specific immune responses to rhinovirus-induced asthma. 2. Why does the cold always feel blocked on one side of the nose? Maybe you don't care too much, but when you are sick, the strength of the nostrils on one side is significantly higher than the other. Within a day, this phenomenon will also switch between the nasal chambers on both sides, but why? In fact, the process is regulated by the "autonomic nervous system," which regulates other body functions, such as digestion and heart rate. For the nose, the system regulates the "nasal circulation", so even in the case of a cold, the individual function of each nostril is complete. According to the National Library of Medicine records, "nasal circulation" occurs several times a day, but this phenomenon will only attract your attention when one of the noses is blocked. In order to open the nostrils on one side and close the other side, the body will automatically puff around the nose, just like a male erection. "The rise in blood flow can cause congestion and blockage on one side of the nasal cavity, and then switch to the other side after 3-6 hours. This process of congestion will be more pronounced when people lie down. If you tilt your head to one side, I can clearly feel it," Jennifer Shu said. This cyclical process has long been thought to help the realization of the sense of smell. Studies have shown that the entrained odor can be better collected when the airflow passes quickly through the nasal cavity. If your nasal side is open and the other side is tightly closed, almost all of the odor will be collected. At the same time, in this state, your other side of the nasal cavity will also have a rest. And when you are sick, this cycle will become unbearable, because the degree of nasal blockage that should be "closed" under normal conditions is significantly increased, causing discomfort. Therefore, the next time you feel that the nostrils on one side are not breathable, you should understand that this is a mechanism that the body produces to ensure the quality of the sense of smell. This may make you less sad. 3. Adults have had two flu flus in an average of 10 years. Is this true? Recently, a research report published in the international magazine PLoS Biology, scientists from the University of London and other research shows that adult individuals over the age of 30 will only suffer from two colds in 10 years; the symptoms of cold-like symptoms often It is caused by many pathogens, making it difficult for us to judge how long an individual has an influenza. In the article, the researchers analyzed blood samples from volunteers from southern China and observed the antibody levels of nine different influenza viruses in the individual's body against the 1968-2009 cycle. The results showed that children averaged every other year. Suffering from a cold, and as the individual transitions from childhood to adulthood, the frequency of colds (influenza infection) will become lower and lower. When the age is over 30, the individual's influenza virus infection will tend to be stable, ie each I have about 2 colds in 10 years. Researcher Professor Adam Kucharski said there has been some controversy in the scientific community to clarify the frequency of people suffering from colds, which is completely different from the symptoms caused by flu-like diseases, which may sometimes be caused by common cold viruses. For example, rhinoviruses or coronaviruses; therefore, sometimes people may not think they have the flu, but they can be clearly identified by testing their samples. For adults, the infection of the flu virus is actually much lower than they think. In childhood and adolescents, the infection of the flu virus is very common, which may be because the individual has been with too many people. Exposure; the actual frequency of influenza virus infection often varies depending on the background level of the flu and vaccine. In addition, in order to assess the frequency of influenza infection, the researchers developed a mathematical model that reveals how the body's immunity to the flu has changed during the lifetime of different viruses. The body's immune system responds to influenza viruses by producing antibodies that specifically target proteins on the surface of the virus. The proteins on the surface of the virus also change with the evolution of the virus, but there is memory in the body's blood. Antibodies that can effectively kill the flu virus that invades the body again; this study also reveals the body's immune response to virus changes, which can help us predict future viral changes and help scientists Revealing how the body's immunity to historical viruses affects the vaccine's role, and thus provides new ideas for developing effective vaccines. Finally, the researcher Kucharski said that in this study we analyzed the construction process of the body's immunity during the life of the influenza virus infection. The related research may help to understand the mechanism of the population's susceptibility to influenza, and also to clarify the new influenza virus. How the strain triggers the spread of rapid infection provides new hope. 4. University of Auckland research shows that consumption of flavonoids such as green tea, apples, blueberries, cocoa, red wine and onions can significantly reduce the risk of contracting colds and coughs. At the Australian National Dietitians Association Research Conference in Perth on May 15th, researchers pointed out that adults who ate flavonoids or flavonoid supplements compared to people who did not eat flavonoids or food. 33% are protected from the common cold (Upper Respiratory Infection - URTI) infection. Dr. Andrea Braakhuis, a nutrition researcher at the University of Auckland, said that people who eat flavonoids are also less likely to get sick. “These findings suggest that if you are an ordinary healthy person, eating large amounts of fruits and vegetables containing flavonoids can help avoid getting sick in the winter,†Dr. Braakhuis said. She believes that most adults have two or three times a year with a cold, and children may even get sick five times. Symptoms include sore throat, cough, runny nose and headache. "If you don't have these nasty colds, we all love to spend the winter. In the winter, a cold is the main reason for seeing a doctor. However, antibiotics do not work for colds, so flavonoids are recommended as part of a healthy diet," Dr. Braakhuis said. Dr. Braakhuis believes that nutrition scientists are studying more foods with special ingredients, such as flavonoids, which are considered to have antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, so they can help reduce the incidence of coughs and colds and improve immune function. . “Eat five kinds of vegetables and two fruits every day. These fruits and vegetables have as many colors as possible, make sure that your plate has at least half full vegetables, drink green tea in the winter, and occasionally drink red wine. This will make you get enough. Flavonoids," Dr. Braakhuis said. Source: Bio Valley Polyester Gloves,Polyester Hand Gloves,Polyester Work Gloves,Polyester Fingerless Gloves HOLIK ASIA GROUP CO.LTD , https://www.holikasia.com
Do you know a few cold tips about these colds?